Persistent Reference Systems in Earth Science

Abstract

Some geological systems persist long enough to become valuable scientific reference points.

These include ancient shields, long-lived basins, persistent corridors, and planetary-scale extremes.

Reference Classes

• Canadian Shield
• Precambrian cratons
• Major sedimentary basins
• Ocean trenches
• Mountain systems
• Resource provinces
• Volcanic provinces
• Structural corridors

Reference Principle

Reference systems provide stable anchors for evaluating broader Earth-system observations.